| Air-conditioning |
Individual, Community |
Air-conditioning helps improve indoor air quality and reduce illnesses caused extreme heat. It also helps reduce mosquito-borne disease transmission since mosquitoes do not prefer cold temperatures as it is usually below their preferred range, thus the use of air-conditioning inhibits activity. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illnesses, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne diseases |
$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/mosquitos-ticks-and-other-vectors.html |
|
|
|
|
| Source reduction (vector) |
Individual, Community, Government |
Removal or permanent destruction of mosquito breeding sites. |
Examples of mosquito breeding sites that can be targeted for source reduction include, but are not exclusive to: artificial water containers (flowerpots, pet bowls, trash cans, tin cans, old tires, tarps), and unmaintained swimming pools/hot tubs, bird foundations, drainage systems, underground cisterns, freshwater lakes, ponds, retention areas, swamps, marshes, temporarily flooded areas, and salt marshes |
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$-$$ |
Scientifically supported |
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/mosquitos-ticks-and-other-vectors.html |
Anderson (USCDC), 2017 |
Climate and Health Intervention Assessment: Evidence on Public Health Interventions to Prevent the Negative Health Effects of Climate Change (cdc.gov) |
|
|
| Installation of reliable piped water supply |
Community, Government |
Piped water supply to communities and household connections |
Reduces vector larval habitats |
Mosquito-borne diseases, Drinking water and water-borne diseases |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/mosquitos-ticks-and-other-vectors.html |
|
|
|
|
| Physical mosquito barriers to transmission |
Individual, Community |
Cover all gaps in walls, doors, and windows to prevent mosquitoes from getting indoors.
Use mosquito nets while sleeping during daytime. Cover baby carriers and beds with netting. Nets can protect a sick person from getting more mosquito bites, which could transmit the disease to other people.
Installing mosquito screening on windows, doors, and other entry points. Ensure they are "bug tight".
Insecticide-treated materials (bed nets and screens).
Type of clothing and material |
|
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$-$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/mosquitos-ticks-and-other-vectors.html |
WHO, 2009 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/?report=reader |
EPA, 2022 |
https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach |
| Disposal and management of solid waste in urban environments |
Individual, Community, Government |
Proper storage, collection and disposal of solid waste in urban environments help with vector control by substantially reducing the availability of Ae. aegypti larval habitats and are also essential for protecting public health. The basic rule of “reduce, reuse, recycle” is highly applicable. Efforts to reduce solid waste should be directed against discarded or non-essential containers, particularly if they have been identified in the community as important mosquito-producing containers.
"In the context of dengue vector control, “solid waste” refers mainly to non-biodegradable items of household, community and industrial waste." |
Solid waste should be collected in plastic sacks and disposed of regularly. The frequency of collection is important: twice per week is recommended for housefly and rodent control in warm climates. |
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$-$$ |
|
Public health protection |
WHO, 2009 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/?report=reader |
|
|
|
|
| Personal and household mosquito repellents |
Individual, Community |
Repellent sprays, household insecticide aerosol products, mosquito coils, insecticide vaporizers |
|
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$-$$ |
|
|
WHO, 2009 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/?report=reader |
|
|
|
|
| Mosquito traps |
Individual, Community |
Ovitrap or oviposition traps used for surveillance of Aedes vectors can be modified to render it lethal to immature or adult populations of Ae. Aegypti. There are three types: lethal ovitraps (uses insecticide on the oviposition substrate), autocidal ovitraps (allow oviposition but prevents adult emergence), and sticky ovitraps (traps the mosquito when it lands). These devices reduce population densities and may also potentially shorten the life expectancy of the vector.
The BG-Sentinel (Biogents GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) is another trap for mosquitoes that uses visual, olfactory, and chemical attractants to mimic convection currents formed by the human body. |
|
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$-$$ |
|
|
WHO, 2009 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/?report=reader |
Kaura et al., 2022 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104594 |
|
|
| Legislative, legal, and administrative advocacy and cooperation towards vector control |
Government |
Legislative advocacy to address issues with cooperation from various levels of government. Legal advocacy to enforce sanitary legislation and regulations. Administrative avocacy to inform authorities, decision-makers, and leaders to the benefits of vector control programs. |
|
Mosquito-borne diseases |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
WHO, 2009 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/?report=reader |
|
|
|
|
| Implement tolerant and native vegetation in urban ecosystems |
Individual, Community, Government |
Adding drought-resistant plants, and replace existing vegetation with plants that are more tolerant of long-term environmental changes. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to Critical Infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$ |
|
Maintains biodiversity, habitats for animals, preserves water quality, increases water retention, preserves soil quality, maintains air quality, slows stormwater run-off |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Habitat preservation and restoration |
Community, Government |
Adopt protections of important zones (e.g., riverbanks, lakeshores) and critical habitats, restore riverbanks and floodplains, and reconnect wetlands and freshwater estuaries. Educate the public on the importance of native landscaping and healthy habitats, commit to native plants, and support restoration projects. Planting trees, grasses, forbs, and shrubs to prevent erosion and to benefit wildlife (e.g., habitats for birds, pollination benefits). Livestock should be kept off of seeded rangeland for at least three years to improve the restoration effort's likelihood of success. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to Critical Infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
|
Maintains biodiversity, preserves habitats for animals, reduces habitat fragmentation, preserves water quality, increases water retention, preserves soil quality, maintains air quality |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
|
|
| Relocate energy infrastructure |
Community, Government |
Conduct an energy efficient audit and install energy efficiency improvements, relocate facilities, bury utility lines, and assess and restore drainage systems. |
|
Injuries due to floods, Damage to infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
Restores surface water flow, reduces carbon emissions |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Retrofit and electrify transportation systems and vehicles |
Community, Government |
Develop and implement energy plans that reduce emissions in government vehicles, implement programs to help reduce emissions from airport ground equipment, and retrofit cars, trucks, and bus fleets and add necessary infrastructure to support such changes. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
Climate NASA, 2021 |
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3134/reducing-emissions-to-lessen-climate-change-would-yield-dramatic-health-benefits-by-2030/ |
|
|
| Increase green spaces in urban ecosystems |
Community, Government |
Set minimum green space thresholds. Measure, maintain, protect, and expand green spaces, and identify public land available for improved ecological management. Identify and map the community's green spaces. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to Critical Infrastructure, Dust and Sand Stormss |
$-$$$ |
Medium effectiveness, some evidence |
Provides bees and insects with living space and food sources, habitat for various animals, prevents soil erosion, improves water drainage |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
Anderson (USCDC), 2017 |
Climate and Health Intervention Assessment: Evidence on Public Health Interventions to Prevent the Negative Health Effects of Climate Change (cdc.gov) |
|
|
| Implement and protect green infrastructure for stormwater management |
Individual, Community, Government |
Identify natural resource preservation opportunities. Develop adaptive stormwater management practices. Develop a watershed-wide approach. Maintain, restore, and protect wetlands. Implement bioretention methods. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to Critical Infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
|
Maintains biodiversity, preserves habitats for animals, reduces habitat fragmentation, preserves water quality, increases water retention, preserves soil quality, maintains air quality |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Prevent polluted runoff |
Community, Government |
Educational campaign to promote responsible use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. |
|
Drinking water and water-borne diseases |
$$-$$$ |
|
Reduces human and animal exposure to pesticides and herbicides, reduces bioaccumulation, reduces biomagnification |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Chemical vector controls |
Individual, Community, Government |
The use of larvicides, adulticides, attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) solution, and natural compounds to control mosquito population. |
|
Mosquito-borne disease |
$-$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
Kaura et al., 2022 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104594 |
|
|
| Sterilization of mosquitoes |
Community, Government |
The use of the bacteria, Wolbachia, and irradiation, either on their own or together, to sterilize mosquitoes and reduce or block the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Another method to sterilizing mosquitoes and reducing or blocking disease transmission is through transgenic mosquitoes, which can reduce mosquito manifestation and lifespan over time. |
|
Mosquito-borne disease |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Health Brazil, 2017 |
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/health_brazil_2015_2016.pdf |
|
|
|
|
| Vector education and support for the community |
Community, Government |
Home visits and/or community meetings to educate and engage the public to eliminate breeding sites, as well as identify suspected cases of arboviruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti, in addition to counseling residents with suspected disease to timely seeking health care. Being a regular presence of endemic combat agents in residences in priority areas is an important measure for the promotion of information that may favour behaviour change. These visits/meetings are preceded by planning, preparation, and organization actions activities, and are based on the territory of operation. Endemic combat agents can go to priority areas and start the inspection process at the properties – domicile and peridomicile – for the identification of potential breeding grounds for the mosquito that transmits dengue and the adoption of control measures, with the participation of residents/owners. |
Important to consider the number of home visits and income targets must be programmed according to the reality of the municipality, considering the size of the properties, the weather conditions, absenteeism, the daily workload, among others. |
Mosquito-borne disease |
$-$$ |
|
|
Brazil Minstry of Health, 2022 |
https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/svsa/zika/manual_protecao_agentes_endemias.pdf/view |
|
|
|
|
| Home safety education and provide technical assistance post extreme weather event |
Individual, Community, Government |
Focuses on how 1) extreme weather events can causing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems to fail and result in indoor air pollution build-up, 2) backup generators can produce excess carbon monoxide, 3) floods can lead to indoor mold growth, and 4) stores can stock portable backup generators, proper ventilation materials, and other products to help prevent or lessen air quality issues. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Wildfire smoke, Damage to critical infrastructure |
|
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Support greener and healthier building practices |
Community, Government |
Adopt policies that include structural and financial incentives for buildings to incorporate designs focused on reducing environmental impacts. Establish minimum mandatory criteria for indoor air quality in buildings. Leverage and support local weatherization and retrofit programs. Work to develop minimum building codes and healthy home programs with housing agencies. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Wildfire smoke, Damage to critical infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Upgrade and retrofit city facilities |
Community, Government |
Update ventilation, dust, and mold management technologies in all municipal facilities. Train local government staff (e.g., building scientists, engineers, and environmental health and safety experts) on indoor air quality standards and strategies. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Flooding and mold, Wildfire smoke, Pollen, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Collaborative agreements within jurisdictions and regionally to improve air quality and reduce emissions |
Community, Government |
Participate in voluntary agreements to improve air quality and reduce emissions. Develop formal agreements to create emissions inventories and implement voluntary control measures focused on reducing emissions throughout the region. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Wildfire smoke, Drought |
$$-$$$ |
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Improve technologies and incentivize methods that aim to reduce emissions from transportation |
Individual, Community, Government |
Implement public transportation and commuter benefits programs and incentivize those that participate. Offer incentives or vouchers for residents that swap out older diesel-using machines and vehicles. Implement anti-idling efforts and improve access to parking spaces. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Wildfire smoke, Drought, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Implement a woodstove pollution prevention program |
Individual, Community |
Educate residents on the health and pollution risks associated with non-certified woodstoves and fireplace inserts. Provide financial incentives, or provide free stove upgrades to residents using non-certified options. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Wildfire smoke, Drought |
$-$$ |
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Educational programs on the benefits ecosystem services provide to humans |
Community, Government |
Implement public educational programs on ecosystem services and their benefits to humans as a society and the environment around us to encourage the public to engage in evironmental protection and sustainability. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Harmful algal blooms, Flooding and mold, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease |
$-$$ |
|
All of the environmental benefits that come with protecting ecosystem services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Improve land use in urban ecosystems to create safe multi-modal transportation links |
Community, Government |
Adopt Smart Growth principles to encourage a mix of building types and uses with multiple transit options. Improve neighborhood connectivity through the development of inter-modal transportation links. Encourage compact, mixed use, transit-oriented development with high levels of connectivity. Ensure that all transportation options encourage safe transportation by adopting policies to prioritize off-road hike and bike trails, and implementing safety barriers between bike lanes and driving lanes. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Dust and Sand Storms |
|
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Monitor and maintain air quality |
Community, Government |
Improve the effectiveness of air monitoring and air quality emergency response. Require and promote collaboration among government agencies and external stakeholders responsible for air quality monitoring and measures. Create an Air Quality Advisory Action Plan for situations with poor air quality to warn residents and provide information on what to do. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Wildfire smoke, Pollen |
$$-$$$ |
|
Improves air quality, reduces ground-level ozone/smog, slows the rate of temperature rise, slows the rate of sea-level rise, slows the rate of ice melt, slows the rate of ocean acidification, reduces acidity of acid rain |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Create redundancies in communication systems |
Community, Government |
Have backup communication systems in place in case of a power or service outage. Build multiple communication lines to reduce the impact if one goes down and to prevent overburdening the system with high volumes. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to Floods, Harmful algal blooms, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mosquito-borne disease, Tick-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire smoke, Drought, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Establish contacts and partnerships between different levels of government and agencies |
Community, Government |
Develop and distribute a local, state, and federal contacts list to keep necessary services up and running before, during, and after a disaster - update the list annually, at minimum. Establish regular meetings with transportation officials in other jurisdictions and relevant staff in other departments to share information on what strategies have been effective for protecting transportation systems and what strategies have not. Collaborate with flood risk managers during adaptation strategy development. Collaborate with other agencies within the region to develop a regional transportation plan that addresses climate change adaptation. Coordinate with interstate and intrastate agencies, private companies, and nearby local governments to overcome challenges and obtain new ideas for dealing with the impacts of climate change. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire smoke, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Form a stakeholder group to manage all assets of the communication network |
Community, Government |
Identify gaps in communication resilience and create mitigation and recovery solutions. Work through zoning policies and place communication infrastructure in areas less susceptible to climate impacts. Work with utilities, service providers, industries that depend on communication networks, local businesses, and others to determine who controls each part of the network and what they can do to protect it. |
|
Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Identify weaknesses in communications network and update where needed |
Community, Government |
Conduct an in-depth analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the communication network. Routinely test the policies and procedures and update them as needed. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Tick-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire Smoke, Drought, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Ensure communications reach diverse and vulnerable households |
Community, Government |
Ensure communications are appropriate for reaching diverse and vulnerable households, including residents for whom English is not their first language. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Harmful algal blooms, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Tick-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire Smoke, Drought, Pollen, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Develop and adopt policies and procedures for post-event repairs |
Community, Government |
Adopt post-event recovery policies and procedures to repair critical infrastructure. |
|
Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Harmful algal blooms, Flooding and mold, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Retrofit and maintain communication infrastructure |
Community, Government |
Collaborate with partners to determine who owns each piece of infrastructure and who is responsible for upgrades. Develop a routine inspection program that reviews maintenance and security for all physical communications components, including shelters, buildings, towers, and the backup power system. Restore, retrofit, and improve communications infrastructure components to avoid failing. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Tick-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire Smoke, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Work with partner agencies to address dependencies in communication systems |
Community, Government |
Work with local energy utilities to address concerns about the energy system that can result in loss of communications services. Work with transportation departments to ensure system functionality to dispatch repair crews, maintain traffic signals, and communicate with passenger traffic. Work with waste and wastewater facilities to create backup communication systems to operate their utilities. |
|
Drinking water and water-borne disease, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Conduct a vulnerability assessment for transportation systems |
Government |
Develop a common framework and methodology for assessing risks related to transportation infrastructure at a regional scale and for all transportation modes and operations.
Estimate or rank the probability of occurrence of extreme events.
Use maps, historical data, projections, and advice from experts to understand the climate exposure of your transportation systems and identify potential threats. For example, overlay up-to-date floodplain maps with elevation surveys and climate models to identify at-risk facilities and natural features, and establish action priorities with cost estimates. Use these maps to identify critical and vulnerable infrastructure that is susceptible to flooding. |
|
Injuries due to floods, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Develop emergency response plans to ensure adequate transportation and logistics for critical resources |
Government |
Extreme precipitation can inundate low-lying roadways, fill reservoirs beyond capacity, render bridges unusable, and necessitate the closing of floodgates. During floods, it can become increasingly difficult to move people out of harm’s way in a timely fashion or to transport assets to neighborhoods in need. Having a plan ready for these situations can decrease response times and ensure resources reach areas and facilities in need. Identify and protect critical evacuation routes. Coordinate emergency evacuation planning among adjacent cities and counties. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Mosquito-borne disease, Tick-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire smoke, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Prepare transportation service providers to respond to more frequent and intense weather-related emergencies |
Community, Government |
Adjust budgets and routine operations, maintenance, and inspections to prepare for more frequent and intense storms, floods, landslides, wildfires, and extreme heat events. Strengthen contingency plans for critical transportation infrastructure at risk. Improve systems to provide transportation service providers, including bus drivers, engineers, appropriate public works staff, and maintenance staff with early warnings of problems, engage onsite protections in advance of an emergency, and provide early warning to the public. Revise existing systems—or develop better systems, such as using sensors and smart technologies—for monitoring. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Harmful algal blooms, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Wildfire Smoke, Drought, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Create walkable communities and provide safe and accessible walkways |
Community, Government |
Plan community spaces to be walkable and accessible to existing or planned mass transit stations. Prepare sidewalks, bikeways, and crosswalks for higher maximum temperatures and more freeze-thaw events. Provide safe and accessible sidewalks, bikeways, and crosswalks. |
|
Air quality and respiratory illness, carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat |
$$-$$$ |
|
Safer for animals that cross the street and reduce road kill |
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Design and implement future infrastructure to consider climate risks |
Community, Government |
Incorporate projected climate change impacts, adaptation options, and response strategies when planning, designing, and constructing new infrastructure. Develop design guidance to provide assistance when designing and implementing new infrastructure (e.g., transportation and stormwater treatment) to increase resistance against heat and other climate impacts. Use floodplain maps in project planning to prevent building in areas that are prone to flooding and to preserve floodplain areas as they help reduce flood impact. Ensure that new infrastructure is protected from the impacts of climate change with policies. |
|
Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Damage to critical infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Prepare roadways and bridgeways for higher maximum temperatures, more freeze-thaw events, and more flooding |
Community, Government |
Adopt and implement increased standards for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects. Ensure asphalt/concrete mixtures and other construction materials are appropriate for anticipated flooding and temperature changes (e.g., increase in potholes). Ensure pavement grooving and sloping is appropriate for anticipated flooding, among other strategies. Use heat-tolerant street landscaping to reduce the amount of sun and heat reaching the streets. This prevents potential damage to the materials, reduces the ground level temperature, and protects against the effects of weathering |
|
Injuries due to floods, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
|
|
|
|
| Integrate climate change planning into existing operations |
Community, Government |
Identify and remove hazards on primary evacuation routes prone to damage. Update weather and road condition information systems to anticipate and detect transportation system issues faster. Repair and update roadways most susceptible to climate change impacts. Plan nonstructural solutions to help reduce flood impacts. |
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Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
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Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
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| Create a reliable transportation system to adapt to and reduce climate impact |
Community, Government |
Plan for multiple transportation options to function all the time, and especially when extreme weather or other unexpected events or long-term community stressors occur. Implement transportation demand management strategies to help reduce traffic congestion and emissions. |
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Air-quality and respiratory illness, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Mosquito-borne disease, Drought, Damage to critical infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
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Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
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| Protect and reinforce existing infrastructure |
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Restore and increase the capacity of drainage structures and systems to handle future precipitation projections. Inspect and protect scouring bridges. Protect infrastructure located in floodplains to protect against flood impacts. Relocate, decommission, or abandon infrastructure where the costs of protection and maintenance outweigh the benefits. Strengthen infrastructure to withstand climate impacts |
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Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
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Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
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| Conduct energy efficiency audits for critical infrastructure |
Community, Government |
Conduct an energy efficiency audit and install energy efficiency improvements - Energy efficiency improvements in wastewater treatment facilities save energy, generate cost savings, reduce emissions, and improve overall energy security in the community. |
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Damage to critical infrastructure |
$$-$$$ |
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Indiana University |
https://eri.iu.edu/erit/strategies/index.html |
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| Investing in dust and sand storm early warning and prediction systems at the national and regional levels |
Government |
Prepare economies and significantly lower damages caused from dust and sand storms by reducing flight disruption costs, adverse health impacts, infrastructure damage, and crop losses. |
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Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
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WorldBank(2019) Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |
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| Predict dust and sand storms by using ground-based technologies, space-borne observations, or a combination of both |
Government |
Ground-based observations can be made through lookout towers, video surveillance, and sensory information gathered by raders, lidars, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), etc. Space-borne observations can be obtained through satellite imaging, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), etc. Hybrid approaches utilizing both types of combinations result in better performance. |
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Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
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WorldBank(2019) Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |
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| Communication through text alerts and online media |
Community, Government |
Quick way to reach larger populations. Give caution to vulnerable people before dust intensification. |
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Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$ |
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WorldBank(2019) Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |
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Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Agricultural practices, such as residue management, tillage, shelterbelts, and agroforestry, are effective against wind erosion and decreasing dust transport |
Community, Government |
Protect the soil with live or dead vegetation or minimizing the time and area of the soil in dry seasons. Add windbreaks, such as shelter belts and agroforestry, to reduce wind speed and provide other benefits, such as decreased soil erosion, increased crop yield, reduced livestock stress, control of drifting snow, building maintenance, energy savings, increased soil and air temperatures, reduced pest and disease problems, and an extended growing season in sheltered areas. Reduced or no tillage can help reduce soil disturbance and maximize residue on the soil. Maintaining crop residues, such as mulching, help stabilize the soil by reducing soil water loss and erosivity. |
Other good management practices include use of quality planting material, optimal plant density, appropriate soil and crop nutrient management, and adequate pest and disease control. |
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
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WorldBank(2019) Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |
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| Reforestation |
Individual, Community, Government |
Restore degraded forested land and restore degraded croplands and rangelands. Trees help reduce erosive forces and stabilize soil. |
Trees help reduce the effect of erosive forces such as wind and rain by using their root systems and foliage. Tree root systems stabilize soil by holding the soil in place, improve drainage of soil, prevent soil compaction, and help soak water into the ground. Tree foliage intercept falling rain and reduces the force it exerts when it hits the ground, aiding rainwater penetrate the soil. |
Air quality and respiratory illness, Heat-related illness, Injuries due to floods, Flooding and mold, Mental health and extreme precipitation, Mental health and heat, Drinking water and water-borne disease, Drought, Damage to Critical Infrastructure, Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
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Thompson, 2021 - How can trees help prevent soil erosion? |
https://sciencing.com/how-can-trees-help-prevent-soil-erosion-12620837.html |
WorldBank(2019) Sustainable Land Management and Restoration in the Middle East and North Africa Region |
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| Educational development (public and professional education) for dust and sand storm |
Individual, Community, Government |
Implement educational programs in public centers. Use media and social networks for education. Some topics include: Increasing awareness about causes of dust, Promoting attitude about the dust phenomenon, Making people more sensitive, Increasing risk perception, Educating prohibitive behaviors in people, Educating prevention of damaging behavior to people, Holding consulting classes about the adaptation methods, Increasing public communication, Educating special groups (cardiovascular patients, old people, children, pregnant women), Holding training classes in mosques and public places, Providing brochures in different institutions, Promoting awareness of authorities, Educating correct management during crisis, In-service education for personnel, In-service education for managers, Improving awareness of management for high-risk individuals, Identifying cultural and religious factors. |
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Dust and Sand Storms |
$-$$$ |
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Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Take cover, seal doors, and vacate streets |
Individual, Community, Government |
Helps to prevent road accidents and protect against dust pollution. |
To minimize adverse health impacts, make sure to clean your face, nose and mouth frequently to prevent any dust entering into lungs and inhale some water through your nose in order to clean the nose of dust particles. |
Dust and Sand Storms |
$ |
|
|
WorldBank(2019) Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |
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| Changing work hours to afternoon and night during dust/sand storm |
Individual, Community, Government |
Avoid peak dust/sand storm by changing office/work operation hours and having the option to stay at home in order to prevent road accidents and protect workers against dust/sand storm related health illnesses and/or complicating existing health illnesses. |
To minimize adverse health impacts, make sure to clean your face, nose and mouth frequently to prevent any dust entering into lungs and inhale some water through your nose in order to clean the nose of dust particles. |
Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$ |
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| Home protection from dust and sand |
Individual, Community |
Closing doors and windows, using seal and thick curtains, installing air-conditioning system, cleaning daily, installing double-glazed doors, installing water treatment device in home, using two-piece electrical coolers, using one-piece and glassless doors, and others. |
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Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$-$$ |
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Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Personal protective gear |
Individual, Community |
Wearing masks (possibly N95), bright-coloured clothing, and keffiyeh and/or using a wet towel help protect against dust and sand. |
To minimize adverse health impacts, make sure to clean your face, nose and mouth frequently to prevent any dust entering into lungs and inhale some water through your nose in order to clean the nose of dust particles. |
Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Preventing children from playing outdoor during dust/sand storm |
Individual, Community |
Protect children from dust/sand storm related health illnesses. |
To minimize adverse health impacts, make sure to clean your face, nose and mouth frequently to prevent any dust entering into lungs and inhale some water through your nose in order to clean the nose of dust particles. |
Dust and Sand Storms |
$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Preventing heavy exercises |
Individual, Community |
Avoid vigorous exercise, especially if you have asthma, diabetes or a respiratory-related condition. |
To minimize adverse health impacts, make sure to clean your face, nose and mouth frequently to prevent any dust entering into lungs and inhale some water through your nose in order to clean the nose of dust particles. |
Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Using suitable cover for foods and keeping food in refrigerator |
Individual, Community |
Protect food from dust and sand. |
|
Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Promoting urban cleaning |
Individual, Community, Government |
Clean the streets and roads of dust and sand. |
|
Air Quality and Respiratory Illness, Dust and Sand Storms, Heat-related illness, Mental health and heat, Drought |
$-$$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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| Establishing emergency units during peak dust time |
Community, Government |
|
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Dust and Sand Storms |
$$-$$$ |
|
|
Salehi et al., 2021(2021) Strategies and experiences for sand and dust storm adaptation: a qualitative study in Iran |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00730-w |
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